Glycolic Acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that exfoliates the skin. This 7% toning solution offers mild exfoliation for improved skin radiance and visible clarity. The formula also improves the appearance of skin texture with continued use. This formula contains a studied Tasmanian Pepperberry derivative. This derivative is of plant origin and varies in color seasonally and this color variation may be apparent in the formula from time to time. The formula is further supported by the inclusion of ginseng root and aloe vera for both visible radiance and skin-soothing benefits. Contraindications: This formula should not be used on sensitive, peeling or compromised skin. Please refer to the additional sun protection notes and other warnings in provided Directions. The pH of this formula is approximately 3.6. Glycolic Acid has a pKa of 3.6 and pKa is the most important aspect to consider in formulating with acids. pKa implies acid availability. When pKa is close to pH, there is an ideal balance between salt and acidity, maximizing the effectiveness of the acid and reducing irritation. Higher pH numbers in such a case would increase salt which counter-intuitively would make the formula even more irritating than if the formula was more acidic.